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|image = File:Temple Scroll.png |imagesize = 250px |imagecaption = Portion of the Temple Scroll, one of the longest of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered at Qumran |states = Israel, West Bank, Golan Heights; used globally as a liturgical language for Judaism |extinct = Ancient Hebrew extinct by 400 CE, surviving as a liturgical language〔〔 |ref=e18 |revived = million native speakers of Modern Hebrew in Israel (2012), over half a million outside Israel〔Nurit Dekel (2014) ''Colloquial Israeli Hebrew: A Corpus-based Survey''. Walter de Gruyter.〕 as L1 or L2 by all 8.2 million Israelis〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/langdiff/hebrew.htm )〕 |familycolor = Afro-Asiatic |fam2 = Semitic |fam3 = Central Semitic |fam4 = Northwest Semitic |fam5 = Canaanite |script = Hebrew alphabet Samaritan alphabet Paleo-Hebrew alphabet (historical) |sign = Signed Hebrew (oral Hebrew accompanied by sign)〔Meir & Sandler, 2013, ''A Language in Space: The Story of Israeli Sign Language''〕 |nation = (as Modern Hebrew) |minority = 〔http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/16-Dublin-Pisarek-Mother.pdf〕 |agency = Academy of the Hebrew Language () |stand1 = Modern Hebrew |ancestor = Biblical Hebrew |ancestor2 = Mishnaic Hebrew |ancestor3 = Medieval Hebrew |iso1 = he |iso2 = heb |lc1=heb |ld1 = Modern Hebrew |lc2=hbo |ld2 = Classical Hebrew (liturgical) |lc3=smp |ld3 = Samaritan Hebrew (liturgical) |lc4=none |ld4 = Ammonite (extinct) |lc5=obm |ld5 = Moabite (extinct) |lc6=xdm |ld6 = Edomite (extinct) |lingua = 12-AAB-a |glotto=hebr1246 |glottorefname=Hebrewic |notice=IPA |map=Idioma hebreo.PNG |mapcaption=The Hebrew-speaking world: }} Hebrew (; ' or ) is a West Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the Tanakh. The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Today, Hebrew is spoken by a total of 9 million people worldwide.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kometz Aleph – Au• How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world? )〕 Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt.〔〔 Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and immigrants.〔"If you couldn't speak Greek by say the time of early Christianity you couldn't get a job. You wouldn't get a good job. a professional job. You had to know Greek in addition to your own language. And so you were getting to a point where Jews...the Jewish community in say Egypt and large cities like Alexandria didn't know Hebrew anymore they only knew Greek. And so you need a Greek version in the synagogue." -- Josheph Blankinsopp, Professor of Biblical Studies University of Notre Dame in A&E's ''Who Wrote the Bible''〕 It survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide.〔 The United States has the second largest Hebrew speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, mostly from Israel. Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of Israel (the other being Modern Standard Arabic), while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the liturgical tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. As a foreign language, it is studied mostly by Jews and students of Judaism and Israel, and by archaeologists and linguists specializing in the Middle East and its civilizations, as well as by theologians in Christian seminaries. The Torah (the first five books), and most of the rest of the Hebrew Bible, is written in Biblical Hebrew, with much of its present form specifically in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the Babylonian captivity. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as ' (), "the Holy Language", since ancient times. == Etymology == The modern word "Hebrew" is derived from the word "Ibri" (plural "Ibrim"), one of several names for the Israelite (Jewish and Samaritan) people. It is traditionally understood to be an adjective based on the name of Abraham's ancestor, Eber ("Ebr" עבר in Hebrew), mentioned in . This name is possibly based upon the root "ʕ-b-r" () meaning "to cross over". Interpretations of the term "ʕibrim" link it to this verb; cross over and homiletical or the people who crossed over the river Euphrates. In the Bible, the Hebrew language is called ' () because Judah (') was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation (late 8th century BCE (Is 36, 2 Kings 18)). In it is called the "Language of Canaan" (. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hebrew language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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